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CONTENTS UNIT 1.
PROFESSION: PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER UNIT 2.
HISTORY OF PACKAGING AND CANNING UNIT 3.
PACKAGING TYPES AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS |
UNIT 2. HISTORY OF PACKAGING AND CANNING
__________________________________________________________________ LEAD-IN
1. Look at the pictures and the words in the box.
Match the words from the box with the package shown in these pictures and
answer the questions below.
·
What things do you see?
·
What is the purpose of these things? Say
what can be stored in them. Could you give examples?
·
To what country and historical epoch could
each of them belong to?
READING
2. You are going to read the text about the preindustrial period in
the history of packaging. While reading the text, fill gaps with the proper
words. Consider the pictures before the text as hints.
In
preindustrial society, packaging of food was far from being unknown. It was
used for food storage at home and for transport from the production place,
the farm, or workshop to the local or regional market. Examples are the
transport of cereals or
flour in bags, tea in (1) wooden boxes
or (2) ______ ______, and oils in (3) ______. At the household level, people
salted (4) _____ and pickled (5)
__________ and preserved them in jars.
In groceries at the end of the nineteenth century, most commodities were
still unpacked and sold in bulk. Products such as tea, (6) ________, sugar,
flour, or (7) _____ _____ were weighed out in front of the customer and
wrapped in paper or put into a bag. In major cities in the 1880s, the (8)
_______ came around with a (9) ______ and (10) ______ to deliver milk,
which was often dirty.
3. Answer these questions after reading.
1.
Did people know packaging up to the beginning of the 20th century?
2.
Being involved in commerce what types of
packaging did people use?
3.
What were the most popular types of food
preservation?
4.
What are the pros and cons of such types?
(You should speak about ecological aspects, hygiene, aesthetic points and
etc.)
4. Explain meanings
of these word and phrases in English.
5. After reading the text comment
on such a point as “money makes the
world go round”. ·
How was this principle reflected in the text you read? Give examples. ·
What spheres of life this principle correlates to in the highest
degree? And in the least? Origin of Modern
Packaging and Canning Early methods of
sealing jars included waxed paper, leather, or skin, followed by cork stoppers and wax sealers. The beginning of
modern food technology started with the experiments of the French
confectioner Nicolas Appert. In 1795, the French
government offered a prize of 12,000 francs to anyone who could find a way to
preserve food because Napoléon Bonaparte needed to
provide the military with a safe food supply. After fourteen years of
experimentation, Appert developed a method for
preserving foods by heating. The food, meat, or vegetables, was first cooked
in open kettles and placed in glass jars. After removing as much air as
possible, the jars were carefully sealed with corks wired in place and then
submersed in boiling water. Appert chose glass for the container
because he believed that it was air that caused the spoilage – glass
is a material least penetrated by air. It is of importance to note that, in Appert's time, it was not known that microorganisms caused food to spoil. The processes involved in food
spoilage were not
understood until the second half of the nineteenth century as a result of the
work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur on microorganisms. In 1810 Appert published his prize-winning essay on food
preservation and the French emperor Napoléon
awarded the 12,000-franc prize to him. Within a year, an English version
appeared in London, and the new method of preserving food in glass spread
quickly to other countries. 6. Retell the text using the diagram
below.
7. Match the words
from the list to the definitions. Consult with a dictionary if it is
necessary.
8. Explain meanings of
these phrases in English and compose your own sentences using them.
9. Read the text and
fill in the missed prepositions. Canning Two individuals ___
England were given credit ___ applying and improving Appert's
invention, Bryan Donkin and Peter Durand. Bryan Donkin realized ___ 1811 that iron containers could be
used instead ___ the fragile glass, and ___ 1812 the factory began to produce
canned food such as meat. ___ 1810, Peter Durand patented the use of metal
containers, which were easier ___ make and harder ___ break than glass jars.
He covered iron cans, which were prone to rust, with a thin plating of tin
(which is not adversely affected by water), and invented the "tin
can." By 1813, Durand was selling canned meat ___ the Royal Navy.
The British admiralty bought these foods as part ___ the medical stores ___
distribution ___ sick men ___ well as ___ supply expeditions. By 1819 canning had
arrived in the United States, but no one wanted canned food ___ the Civil War
started. ___ 1821, the William Underwood Company in Boston introduced
commercial canning ___ the United States. For a long time, people regarded
canned foods with suspicion, and for good reasons. ___ the middle ___ the
nineteenth century, the foods produced ___ the canning industry were as
likely to spoil as not because ___ inadequate heating techniques. Then,
beginning ___ 1868, first in the United States and later in Europe, handmade cans
were replaced ___ machine-cut types. The new technology made it possible ___
giant meat-canning firms like P. D. Armour ___
emerge in Chicago and Cincinnati. The product, however, was packed ___ big,
thick, clumsy red cans and was not very appetizing. The American Gail
Borden was a pioneer ___ food canning. In 1856 he successfully produced sweetened
condensed milk in
cans and was granted a patent on the process. With financial support, the New
York Condensed Milk Company was established in 1857. The demand for condensed
milk was ___ first limited, but during the American Civil War it was
introduced on a large scale. The Civil War contributed significantly ___ the
popularization of canned foods in general. The army had ___ be fed and the
government contracted ___ firms to supply food. Under difficult
circumstances, people learned that canned foods such ___ condensed milk can
be tasty and nourishing. The invention of practical can openers ___ the end
___ the nineteenth century made cans easier ___ open, making them even more
convenient ___ consumers. For many years,
however, the flavor of most canned food left much ___ be desired. On the
other hand, it should be realized that products such ___ canned peas and salmon were usually sold ___
people living on the American prairies or in the urban slums in Great
Britain, most of whom had never eaten the fresh product. In addition, losses
due ___ spoilage caused by microorganisms remained high. It was not until the end of
the nineteenth century that research carried ___ at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology made a substantial contribution ___ improving the keeping
quality, nutritional value, and taste ___ food products preserved in cans and
glass. In the early
twentieth century, the heavy cans were replaced ___ those made ___ lighter
materials, and manufacturers could stress that their products were
hygienically processed and, therefore, safer ___ eat than the traditionally
unpackaged products that had been sold ___ bulk. ___ food technology
advanced, numerous chemical additives were developed to control or speed up
food processing and ___ increase the keeping quality of canned foods. Originally, the nutritional value ___ food
preserved ___ canning was not high, mainly due ___ the length ___ time
required ___ the heating techniques. From the 1920s onward, however, the
nutritional value of canned foods gradually approached that ___ the fresh
product, thanks ___ modern food technology. Finally, ___ the 1960s, Reynolds
and Alcoa companies succeeded ___ making all-aluminium
cans ___ of one piece of metal, thereby solving the problem of the weight of
the cans; only the lid needed ___ be attached. ___ the same time,
the invention of the rip-off closure and the pop-top lid on aluminium cans made them even more convenient, and made
can openers unnecessary. For consumers, the choice between fresh or canned
food became largely a question ___ taste, convenience, and preference. 10. Look through the text once
again and answer the questions. 1.
Why did the tin cans appear? 2.
What was the first canned product? Whose invention was it? For whom
was it originally produced? 3.
How did the technology of canning evolve? What were the consequences
of that evolution? 4.
Did canned products have a commercial success? Why? 5.
What social groups consumed canned food? Find out the reasons why. 6.
What were the main problems with canned food? How were they solved? 11. Scan the text
one more time and find the information required in the diagram below.
12. Read the descriptions. What is the word for each one? The first
letter is already there. There is one space for each other letter in the
word. For questions 1-10, write the words. 1)
an object used to hold or store things in – c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2)
a hard brittle transparent solid, consisting of
metal silicates or similar compounds – g _ _ _ _ _ _ 3) a building or group of
buildings in which goods are produced in large quantities, using machines
– f _ _
_ _ _ _ 4) a malleable, silvery metallic
element obtained chiefly from cassiterite. It is
used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion – t _ _ 5) not adequate, insufficient – i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 6)
one who opens up new areas of thought, research, or
development – p_ _ _ _ _ 7) scholarly or
scientific investigation or inquiry – r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8) chemical substance which is added,
especially one which is added to food to improve its appearance or to prevent
it going bad – c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line.
14. Complete these diagrams using the words or
phrases from the texts. 15. Decide whether the statements are true or false.
Correct the sentence if it’s wrong. 1. In preindustrial period people
used freezers for homemade food preservations. 2. The English confectioner Nicolas Appert developed a method for preserving foods by
heating. 3. In the 18th century
people knew that microorganisms caused food to spoil. In the early twentieth century,
manufacturers produced canned food that was hygienically processed. 4. Michael J. Owen in Britain
developed a semiautomatic machine for producing both jars and bottles. 5. It was Bryan Donkin
who improved Appert’s invention and patented the
use of metal containers. 6. The USA was the first country to
use canned food. 7. Paper emerged at the end of the
nineteenth century as material for wrapping and packaging food. 8. The Tetra Pak was invented in France in 1952. 9. Carton containers were used for
packaging milk, fruit drinks, and other liquids in the 19th
century. 10. The development of special
packaging materials helped to enhance the convenience of a microwave. Canned food is safer to eat than the
traditionally unpackaged products that are sold in bulk. 16. After reading the following
text say if you share the enthusiasm about the new package with its creators. SNACK PACKAGING ENGINEERS HAVE IT IN THE BAG Snack packaging
engineers, the lucky scientists responsible for the technology that seals the
freshness of snack foods, have been working hard to develop new bag-sealing
techniques that will enhance the experience of opening a bag of chips. "The fun is
keeping the snacks inside the bag, and the fingers outside," admitted Dr.
Simon, a leading scientist in field of snack packaging. "Of course, we
want the consumer to eventually get the bag open – really we do
– but as with any other
experience, we've found that if a little extra effort is needed to get to the
food, it is enjoyed just that much more." "We once made a
bag that had such an explosive force we considered a warning label on the
outside," said Helmut Kholrahber, engineer.
"The bag was made with a special kevlar alloy
that was almost impossible to tear open with the hands. Instead, the consumer
was required to sit or jump on the product to break the seal and release the
pretzels, which would explode out like salted shrapnel. It was more like a
pretzel pipe bomb. We had a very big market out East where they enjoy that type
of humour, but eventually the government asked us
to stop production." Puncturing sometimes
works, but engineers are modifying the technology to create explosions when snackers try to pierce the bags with car keys, pocket
knives, or even fingers. "We're developing a special gas to put in the
bag – you know how there's always some air in there to puff it out and
look fuller – that will
explode when it contacts the atmosphere," said Helmut. "That will
be an exciting development." Chip bag engineers
have other tricks to make snackers work just a
little harder to get at their favourite snack food.
The little folded seam is one such trick, as is the non-sealable resealable bag. The "tear-here" tag is a
classic ploy picked up from the condiment package engineers. "It's
brilliant the way they can always get ketchup on your shirt," said
Helmut, shaking his head in disbelief, "even after all these
years." New technologies in
the last 15 years have really opened the market for innovation. "It's a
real art," said Simon. "The combinational potential is enormous – pressurizing the bags,
vacuum-sealing, freeze-drying, they're all great methods. Like a
jack-in-the-box before its last crank, the true connoisseur enjoys the
anticipation right before a bag opens –
the plastic or foil stretches under the force, and then – boom!" Some engineers feel
that perhaps exploding chip bag gags are losing their humorous value, but
Simon attributes this to a jaded older generation unable to come to grips
with a rapidly changing packaging environment. 17. Complete the
sentence with the right variant. Dr. Simon
they wanted their consumers to a) open the bag of chips b) eat the bag c) hurt themselves d) throw away the bag 2.
According to Dr. Simon people enjoy food much more if they a)
wash their hands before eating b)
are tired c)
make efforts to get it d)
watch TV while eating 3. Helmut
Kholrahber admits creating a)
a nuclear bomb b)
shrapnel c)
a special kevlar alloy d)
a bag for chips 4. To get
the snack from such a bag you need to a)
sit on the bag b)
try to tear the bag with your teeth c)
beat it with a hammer d)
burn it 5. Chip
bags engineers plan to a) improve the technology of
explosion b) go to jail for unintended killing
several consumers c) come back to traditional packaging
techniques d) retire 18. Fill the correct word from the box below.
Use the words only once.
1) …………… scientist 2) …………….balancing 3) …………….engineers 4) warning ……...…….. 5) …………..……. alloy 6) ……………. shrapnel 7) tensile …………..….. 8) ………………… glue 9) contact the …….…… 10) ……...………. seam 11) …………….… ploy 12) …………….... value 19. Find as many
antonyms to the listed words as you can in the text.
20. Match the words from the list to the definitions. Consult with a
dictionary if it is necessary.
21. Match the words in list A with their synonyms in list B. Then
choose any two words in list A and explain them for other students to guess.
22. Explain meanings
of these word and phrases in English. 1)
a snacker 2)
"tear-here"
tag 3)
a scientist 4)
humorous
effect 5) to buy 6)
packaging
environment 7)
vacuum-sealing 8)
freeze-drying VIDEO:
FOOD
PRESERVATION IN EARLY VIRGINIA Our forefathers took
specific and difficult steps to preserve food following the harvest, and
those methods can be used today. You are going to watch the video about some
of them. Watch the video and do the exercises below. 1.
Find out which statements are true and which are
false. 1. In today’s society those who want fresh fruit or
vegetables in winter go to their grocery store or to a farmers market. 2. In 1930 people could go to a grocery store to buy
frozen fruits or vegetables. 3. In 1730 people only enjoyed fresh fruits during the
season when it was produced. In 1830 fruit jellies were preserved by means of
cooking that fruit with a great deal of sugar and vinegar. 4. The preservation techniques are entirely the same as
in 1830. 5. Nowadays you can go to a grocery store and buy
commercially dried cranberries, and of course raisins or dried fruits. 6. The main difference between food preservation now
and in the past concern the length of time the foods are meant to be kept. 7. Eating homemade preservations actually provides more
heath benefits. 8. The easiest food preservation is drying. 9. Today commercial factories preserve canned food that
can be stored for two or three or even more years. 10. People today don’t dry their own beans, make their
own preserves, ferment their own cabbage or make their own pickles. 2. Watch and say in what context these
phrases were used. ·
frontier of
Culture Museum of Virginia ·
raspberries ·
settlers ·
great deal of
sugar ·
what kind of
container we put it in ·
pre-industrial,
pre-electricity age ·
raisins or
dried fruits ·
the length of time
the foods are meant to be kept ·
in the
eighteen hundreds ·
the food that
was preserved in the spring, the summer and the fall ·
two or three
or even more years ·
ferment their
own cabbage 3. Now watch the video once again
and fill in the missing information. The process of making sauerkraut
really hasn’t ________ over the years.
We still slice it up quite ________, we still add salt, we still add
________ seeds. It is still gets pounded
or bruised. The only change today is that most commercially prepared
________ has been pasteurized
________ in a plastic bag and canned
or frozen. While the convenience of buying ________ and other fresh vegetables at the grocery
store is ________, Becker says, preserving these foods actually provides more
________ benefits. The process of
fermenting cabbage is not only a good preservation technique it also releases
even more of the nutrients that are found in cabbage than any other preparation
________ would do for cabbage. 4. Search for the additional information and
answer the questions. 1. What methods of food preservation are used nowadays?
Which of them are the most popular and why? 2. Do you agree with Karen Becker who is pretty
convinced that in the past all the preservations were meant to be eaten the
following winter, so it only had to be kept for at most seven or eight month? 3. Are homemade preservations more useful for health?
Why do you think so? 4. Have you ever tried to make you awn own preserves,
such as jams and pickles? Do you know the technology? GRAMMAR The Passive Voice
Verbs with two objects have two possible passive structures.
1. Imagine you are in a busy firm at midday.
Make sentences using present continuous passive to say what is being done,
using words from the two boxes. Add your own ideas. Example: Contracts are being
signed.
2. Turn the
sentences into Passive and pay special attention to the Grammar Tense (it
should not be changed). Example: We must
learn to use the Passive. The Passive must be learned and used. 1.
They transport money in bags. 2.
Not so many years ago people salted meat to preserve it. 3.
The seller has weighed cereals in front of the customer. 4.
My mother is preparing dinner now. 5.
Perhaps, I will write a review on your services soon. 6.
Yesterday, from 5 till 6 o’clock, we were trying to repair our PC in
the office. 7.
We will be packing our goods the whole day tomorrow. 4. Play the game. You
and your partner choose a discovery or an invention. You must know who it was
done by, when and what country it was done, etc. you win it you know the
answers to at least 5 questions. Example: You: What
country was it invented in? Partner: In France. You: What scientific
area does it belong to? Partner: Food preservation. You: Was it invented in the 19th
century? Partner: Yes, it was. You: Is it Appert’s
method for preserving foods by heating? Partner: Yes, it is. 5. Remake the story, turning all sentences
into the Passive. This incident happened
during the winter break at the end of last year when I was visiting friends.
I went to the kitchen to reheat an apple pie. I opened the microwave oven's door and put the pie and punched in 3 minutes.
While I was waiting for the pie, I smelled something burning. It was the
paper box enwrapping the pie I had forgotten to remove. The smoke filled the
house, triggering the fire alarm and I had to spend half an hour with the
firemen to do their checkups and switch off the alarm ... so guys, before you
microwave food, take off the box first! SPEAKING 1. You are going to
take part in a conference. The subject of you report is “Food Packaging
Revolution.” Sum up all the information from this unit and make the report. 2. Role-Play.
3. Comment on the following statements. 1. A customer is a child. If you show him a bright
package, he will buy the product, even if he does not know what it is. 2. The government should limit the use of chemical
additives, because many of them are harmful for health. 3. People want to eat tasty food. Most of them do not
want to know what it was made of. 4. The future package will be more hazardous. 4. Discuss these questions in your group. 1.
Does any member of you family make preservations of fruit or
vegetables? Do you know how to do that? 2.
What is a food poisoning? Is there any risk of food poisoning if you
eat homemade preserves? Why? 3.
Do you think homemade preserves will be substituted by the
manufactured ones in the nearest future? What makes you think so? WRITING Make a survey and
write a composition describing the future of packaging. Support your ideas with
the facts concerning modern tendencies. WORD LIST canned foods – баночные консервы |
